守望者

Originally published on pottermore logo on Oct 6th 2016

官方简中和英文对比，官方自己的译名就不统一

Origins起源

The Magical Congress of the United States of America, known to American witches and wizards by the abbreviation MACUSA (commonly pronounced as: Mah – cooz – ah) was created in 1693, following the introduction of the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy. Wizards worldwide had reached a tipping point, suspecting that they could lead freer and happier lives if they built an underground community that offered its own support and had its own structures. This feeling was particularly strong in America, due to the recent Salem Witch Trials.

美国魔法国会于1693年成立，在美国当地被巫师及女巫简称为MACUSA（一般发音为：Mah – cooz – ah）。当时，全球的魔法界已经到达一个临界点，开始考虑如果打造一个有组织性的地下社会来自立自助，是否生活会变得更自由、更快乐。受到塞勒姆猎巫事件的影响，这样的感受在美国尤其强烈。

MACUSA was modeled on the Wizards’ Council of Great Britain, which predated the Ministry of Magic. Representatives from magical communities all over North America were elected to MACUSA to create laws that both policed and protected American wizardkind.

美国魔法国会的架构类似英国的巫师评议会，巫师评议会即是魔法部的前身。来自北美各地的魔法界代表，经选举成为国会成员并制定法律，以期监督和保护美国的魔法人口。

MACUSA’s primary aim was to rid the continent of Scourers, corrupt wizards who had hunted their fellow magical beings for personal gain. MACUSA’s second great law enforcement challenge was the number of wizarding criminals who had fled to America from Europe and beyond, precisely because of the lack of organised law enforcement such as existed in their own countries.

美国魔法国会的首要目标是消灭境内的“肃清者”。肃清者是堕落的巫师，为了一己私利而猎杀同类。执法方面另一项艰难的挑战，则是远从欧洲及他国逃到美国的魔法罪犯日益增多。罪犯会逃逸到美国，原因就是因为当时的执法机制尚不完善。

The first President of MACUSA was Josiah Jackson, a warlike wizard who was voted into post by his fellow representatives because he was considered tough enough to deal with the difficulties of the post-Salem Witch Trials era.

美国魔法国会的第一任议长是约西亚・杰克森。这名好战的巫师会被投票推举任职，是因为其他代表同僚认为他的魄力足以应付塞勒姆巫审后所面临的困境。

In these first years, MACUSA had no fixed meeting place. Meetings were held in different locations to avoid No-Maj detection.

美国魔法国会初创立的头几年，开会地点并不固定，他们在不同位置举办会议以免吸引麻鸡的注意。

Law Enforcement执法机制

President Jackson’s immediate priority was to recruit and train Aurors. The names of the first dozen volunteers to train as Aurors in the US have a special place in United States’ wizarding history. There were so few of them, and the challenges they faced so great, that they knew they might be required to lay down their lives when they took the job. The descendants of these witches and wizards have been given particular respect in the US ever since. The original twelve were:

杰克森议长的首要任务之一是招募傲罗并加以训练。美国第一批由自愿者所组成的傲罗在美国魔法史上占有特殊的地位。傲罗的数量之稀少，必须面临的挑战又如此巨大，当他们自愿加入傲罗行列时，就已经做好了可能需要牺牲生命的心理准备。此后的数代傲罗巫师及女巫，在美国都受到相当的尊重。最早的十二位傲罗如下：

Wilhelm Fischer威尔海姆・费歇尔

Theodard Fontaine瑟达德・冯塔纳

Gondulphus Graves刚度富士・葛瑞夫

Robert Grimsditch劳勃・葛林斯汀奇

Mary Jauncey玛莉・乔安西

Carlos Lopez卡洛斯・洛佩兹

Mungo MacDuff蒙哥・麦克达夫

Cormac O’Brien科马克・奥布莱恩

Abraham Potter亚伯罕・波特

Berthilde Roche贝希尔德・罗氏

Helmut Weiss赫尔穆特・魏斯

Charity Wilkinson查莉蒂・威尔金森

Of these twelve, only two survived into old age: Charity Wilkinson, who would become MACUSA’s third President, and Theodard Fontaine, whose direct descendant Agilbert is the present day Headmaster of Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Also of note are Gondulphus Graves, whose family remains influential in American wizarding politics, and Abraham Potter, whose distant relationship to the famous Harry Potter would be uncovered by eager genealogists centuries later.

这十二个人当中，只有两位活到老年。一位是查莉蒂・威尔金森，后来成为美国魔法国会的第三任议长；另一位是瑟达德・冯塔纳，他的直系子孙艾吉尔伯特是伊法魔尼魔法与巫术学校的现任校长。值得一提的是，刚度富士・葛瑞夫的家族在美国魔法政治圈影响力相当大。而经过了几个世纪后，热心的系谱学家才揭开了亚伯罕・波特与著名的哈利·波特之间的远亲关系。

Challenges各项挑战

America remained one of the most hostile environments for magical people, mainly because of Scourer descendants who had vanished permanently into the No-Maj community and who kept suspicion of magic alive. Unlike most Western countries, there was no cooperation between the No-Maj government and MACUSA.

美国的环境对魔法人士来说并不友善，主要是因为部分肃清者后代选择融入麻鸡的社会生活，而麻鸡社会对魔法的存在始终存着疑心。麻鸡的政府和美国魔法国会没有合作往来，这一点与大部分的西方国家不同。

Initially, an enchanted edifice was created in the Appalachian Mountains as MACUSA headquarters, but over time this became an inconveniently remote location, especially as wizards, like No-Majs, were increasingly congregating in cities.

起初，巫师和女巫们在阿帕拉契山脉的建造一幢施了咒语的建筑，作为美利坚魔法国会的总部。但渐渐地，偏远位置所造成的不便愈加明显，因为巫师和麻鸡一样，大多聚集在都市工作及生活。

In 1760, MACUSA relocated to Williamsburg, Virginia, home of the flamboyant President Thornton Harkaway. Among many other interests, President Harkaway is credited with breeding Crups – dogs that closely resemble Jack Russells, apart from the forked tail. The Crup’s devotion to wizards is only surpassed by its aggression towards non-magical people. Unfortunately, President Harkaway’s pack savaged several local No-Majs, who afterwards were only able to bark for a period of 48 hours. This breach of the Statute of Secrecy led to Harkaway leaving office in disgrace. (It might not be coincidence that Williamsburg was the first city in the US to have a dedicated psychiatric hospital. Sightings of odd happenings around President Harkaway’s residence might account for the admission of No-Majs who were, in fact, perfectly sane.)

1760年，美国魔法国会迁址到弗吉尼亚州的威廉斯堡，也是国会议长索恩顿・哈卡威的家乡，他的事迹相当丰富。燕尾狗的培育要归功于索恩顿议长，这也是他的兴趣之一。燕尾狗是一种外形与杰克罗素猎犬极为相似的狗，两者区别仅在燕尾狗的尾巴是分叉的。燕尾狗对于非魔法人口的侵袭，和它们对魔法界的贡献相比，是有过之而无不及。不幸的是，议长哈卡威培育的燕尾狗群凶暴地攻击了当地的麻鸡，麻鸡遭遇攻击后嚎叫了整整48小时。攻击事件严重违反了保密法，导致哈卡威黯然下台。（威廉斯堡身为全美第一座设立精神科医院的城市，这或许并非巧合。议长哈卡威住处附近时常被目击离奇事件的发生，或许意味着那些入住精神科医院的麻鸡们其实根本没有发疯。）

MACUSA relocated to Baltimore, where President Able Fleming had his home, but the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, followed by the arrival of the No-Maj Congress in the city, made MACUSA understandably nervous and they departed for what is now known as Washington.

美国魔法国会再次迁址至巴尔的摩，国会议长艾伯尔・弗莱明的居住于此地。然而独立战争爆发后，麻鸡的国会也搬到这座城市，置美国魔法国会于相当紧张的处境，他们因此再度迁移，地点就是如今人们所知的华盛顿。

It was there that President Elizabeth McGilliguddy presided over the infamous ‘Country or Kind?’ debate of 1777. Thousands of witches and wizards from all over America descended upon MACUSA to attend this extraordinary meeting, for which the Great Meeting Chamber had to be magically enlarged. The issue for discussion was: did the magical community owe their highest allegiance to the country in which they had made their homes, or to the global underground wizarding community? Were they morally obliged to join American No-Majs in their fight for liberation from the British Muggles? Or was this, simply put, not their fight?

1777年，国会议长伊丽莎白・麦吉利葛蒂在新地址主持了充满争议性的辩论“国家或种族？”。上千名来自美国各地的女巫及巫师涌入美国魔法国会出席这场盛大的辩论会，甚至因此必须施法增加地下大会议室的空间。讨论议题如下：魔法界应该效忠所居住的国家，还是遍及全球的地下魔法界？对于英国麻瓜的解放运动战争，魔法界在道德上是否有义务提供协助？或是一言以蔽之，不该参与不属于自己的战争？

The arguments for and against intervention were protracted and the fight became vicious. Pro-interventionists argued that they might be able to save lives; anti-interventionists that wizards risked their own security by revealing themselves in battle. Messengers were sent to the Ministry of Magic in London to ask whether they intended to fight. A four-word message returned: ‘Sitting this one out.’ McGilliguddy’s famous response was even shorter: ‘Mind you do.’ While officially the American witches and wizards did not engage in battle, unofficially there were many instances of intervention to protect No-Maj neighbours and the wizarding community celebrated Independence Day along with the rest of American society – although not necessarily alongside them.

支持及反对的争论持续蔓延，局势越来越激烈。赞同干预者的论点是有机会拯救生命，反对干预者则表示巫师参与战争可能有魔法界曝光的疑虑。猫头鹰被派送至伦敦的魔法部询问参战意愿后，只得到四个字的响应：“作壁上观。”麦吉利葛蒂的回复甚至更简短：“别多管。”尽管美国的巫师和女巫没有以任何官方的形式参与战争，但仍时时以行动暗自保护麻鸡邻居。此外，魔法界也会（暗地里）和全国人民一同庆祝独立纪念日。

One of the most significant American magical laws was created in 1790, when MACUSA approved an edict to enforce total segregation of the wizarding and No-Maj communities. Rappaport’s Law, named after then-President Emily Rappaport, was created as a result of one of the worst breaches of the International Statute of Secrecy ever known, a breach in which the daughter of Rappaport’s Keeper of Treasure and Dragots and a Scourer descendant almost exposed the existence of magic worldwide. With the passing of Rappaport’s Law, intermarriage and even friendship between wizards and No-Majs became illegal in the United States.

1790年，美国制定了史上最重大的法律之一。当时美国魔法国会通过了一项巫师与麻鸡之间的族群隔离法令，它以制定人埃米莉・拉帕波特议长的名字命名，被称为“拉帕波特法律”。拉帕波特法律的由来与某次严重违反国际保密法的案件有关：宝藏与卓锅管理者的女儿与一位肃清者的后代，差点导致全球的魔法界曝光。拉帕波特法律通过后，美国境内任何巫师与麻鸡的联姻，甚至私交都构成违法。

MACUSA’s base remained in Washington until 1892, when an unforeseen uprising of the Sasquatch population caused another security breach. Historians place the blame for the rebellion on Irene Kneedander, Head of the Body for Protection of Magical Species (Humanoid), whose interpretation of her job title had involved attacking any Sasquatch that ‘stepped out of line.’ The arrival in Washington of the Sasquatch necessitated mass Obliviations and extensive repairs to headquarters.

美国魔法国会设址于华盛顿直到1892年为止。那一年，大脚怪的意外叛乱导致另一起违反保密法事件发生，而历史学家将大脚怪的叛乱责任归咎于艾琳・尼丹德。尼丹德是类人类魔法物种保护组织的领导，她滥用职权攻击被判定为“行为失当”的大脚怪。大批涌入华盛顿的大脚怪导致事后不得不使用了大量的遗忘咒，总部也花费了相当的人力进行修复。

MACUSA needed a new refuge, and over the course of several years, wizards infiltrated the construction team of a new building in New York. By the time the Woolworth Building was completed it could both house No-Majs and – if activated by the correct spells – transform into a space for wizards. The only outer mark of the MACUSA’s new secret location was the owl carved over the entrance.

美国魔法国会势必要找寻新的隐蔽地址，因此在接下来的几年中，巫师们渗透进入纽约一栋新建筑的建造团队。伍尔沃斯大楼建好后，就成为了麻鸡与巫师共享的建筑（必须施以正确的咒语才能转换空间给巫师使用）。美国魔法国会新址在外观上的唯一标记，就是刻在入口上方的猫头鹰图示。

MACUSA in the 1920s 20世纪20年代的美国魔法国会

As with most other magical governing bodies, the Department of Magical Law Enforcement is the largest department in MACUSA.

和其他魔法政治组织同理，魔法法律执行部也是美国魔法国会中最庞大的部门。

Rappaport’s Law was still in operation in the 1920s and several offices in MACUSA had no counterpart in the Ministry of Magic; for example, a sub-division dealing with No-Maj Fraternisation and an office issuing and verifying wand permits, which everyone, citizen and visitor, was supposed to carry within the States.

直到20世纪20年代，拉帕波特法律还维持着运作。美国魔法国会与英国的魔法部的运作方式也有所差异。举例来说，美国魔法国会设有管制麻鸡与巫师交流的子部门，还有核发“魔杖许可证”的办事处，因为在美国魔法界，每一名市民与游客都必须随身携带“魔杖许可证”。

A significant difference between the wizarding governments of the United States and the UK of this time was the penalty for serious crime. Whereas British witches and wizards were sent to Azkaban, the worst criminals in America were executed.

美国与英国之间，关于现代魔法政府的最大差异之一就是对于重犯的惩治。英国的魔法重犯会被送到阿兹卡班，而美国最严重可能判以死刑。

In the 1920s the President of MACUSA was Seraphina Picquery from Savannah. The Department of Magical Law Enforcement was headed by Percival Graves, a well-respected descendant of one of the original twelve American Aurors.

20世纪20年代，美国魔法国会的议长是来自乔治亚州萨瓦纳的瑟拉菲娜・皮奎里。魔法法律执行部以珀西瓦里・葛瑞夫为首，他是十二名傲罗元老当中的刚度富士・葛瑞夫的后代，声望崇高。